The classic Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum is a stunning piece with an intriguing history, and it’s still a very popular item with collectors.
What makes the Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum so collectable?
- Introduced in 1935 and built on the large N-Frame, Smith & Wesson’s .357 Magnum was a classic revolver
- Highly collectable, the .357 Magnum models are those produced before S&W introduced its numbering system in 1957
- Registered .357 Magnum revolvers are the most valuable, with values ranging from $7,500 to $10,000, or more, depending on who owned them
- With an intriguing history and a variety of models, the .357 Magnum will likely continue to be a desirable collector’s item
When the .38 Special cartridge was introduced in 1902 it was a considerable improvement over the earlier black-powder .38s of the 1870s — the .38 Long Colt and .38 Smith & Wesson. The .38 Special was a well-balanced, all-around cartridge and quickly became popular with law enforcement and the military, as well as with civilian shooters. Before long it became the standard to which all other revolver cartridges were compared.
For much of the 20th century, any time you saw a revolver on a policeman’s belt, it was a probably a .38 Special. But there were exceptions. By the early 1930s, the automobile began to change life in the U.S. Unfortunately, among these changes was a surge in bank robberies, with the bad guys making their getaways in fast cars. Lawmen saw a need for a more powerful cartridge than the .38 Special, something that could penetrate the steel doors and bodies of an automobile. This was not to replace the .38 Special but to give an option to lawmen in various agencies.
One option was the .38 Super in Colt’s 1911 semi-auto pistol. For several reasons, however, many in law enforcement had not yet accepted this great cartridge/gun combination. This was a time when the semi-auto was still not fully trusted, and the same could be said about expanding bullets in automatics (though the FMJ .38 Super penetrated auto bodies very well). But in the 1930s, the revolver was still king.
For several years, gun writers Elmer Keith, Philip Sharpe and others had been experimenting with powerful .38 Special handloads. Their results encouraged the engineers at Winchester’s ammunition division to take on the project, and by 1934, the .357 Magnum was born. By adding about a tenth of an inch to the case length of the .38 Special, velocity almost doubled to 1,515 feet per second for a 158-grain bullet out of an 8.375-inch barrel. The first handgun cartridge worthy of the name Magnum was a reality. It was an immediate success.
Related GunDigest Articles
Now, for the gun to shoot it. The concept of a heavy-duty .38 Special was not new. In 1930, Smith & Wesson had introduced the .38/44 (.38 on a .44 frame) revolver, which was designed for high-pressure .38 Special loads. As the name suggests, the .38/44 was made on the large N-frame, which dated back to the .44 Hand Ejector Triple Lock of 1908. It was no surprise, then, when the .357 Magnum was built on the N-frame.
More .357 Magnum Articles:
- The Advantage Of The .357 Rifle
- The .357 Magnum: 20th Century Handgun and Cartridge
- Self-Defense: .357 SIG And .357 Magnum Ammo Considerations
The cartridge and the Smith & Wesson revolver were both introduced in 1935, with the handgun given the same name as the cartridge. Essentially a custom-made, hand-fitted gun, it could be ordered with virtually any barrel length from 3½ to 8¾ inches. Standard features included adjustable rear and post front sights, blue or nickel finish and a checkered rib atop the barrel. Six different rear sights were available, and an interchangeable front sight blade was included for use with .38 Special ammunition.
Many of the first .357 Magnum models were registered in the name of the original owner and came with a certificate listing the serial number and any custom features. According to Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson, 4th Edition (Gun Digest Books, 2016) by Jim Supica and Richard Nahas, it is believed that about 5,224 Registered .357 Magnums were made between 1935 and 1939, and 1,142 Non-Registered models were made between 1938 and 1941.
S&W .357 Magnum Gun Values
The Registered .357 Magnum models are the most collectible of all Smith & Wesson revolvers today, and there is nothing to indicate that this is likely to change in the near future. Non-Registered .357 Magnums are also very much sought after by collectors, in part because fewer of them were made. Estimated values for Registered models in Very Good to Excellent condition with registration certificate and original box range from $7,500 to $10,000, and for Non-Registered guns from $4,500 to $7,500. New-In-Box models can demand $18,000 to $20,000. Of course, special models and celebrity-owned examples can go for much more. Elmer Keith’s personal prototype, for example, brought $28,750 at a James D. Julia Auction in 2015.
The Registered .357 Magnum models are the most collectible of all Smith & Wesson revolvers today, and there is nothing to indicate that this is likely to change in the near future. Non-Registered .357 Magnums are also very much sought after by collectors, in part because fewer of them were made. Estimated values for Registered models in Very Good to Excellent condition with registration certificate and original box range from $7,500 to $10,000, and for Non-Registered guns from $4,500 to $7,500. New-In-Box models can demand $18,000 to $20,000. Of course, special models and celebrity-owned examples can go for much more. Elmer Keith’s personal prototype, for example, brought $28,750 at a James D. Julia Auction in 2015.
Most students of Smith & Wesson know that serial number 1 was presented to J. Edgar Hoover, the first Director of the F.B.I. This was in April of 1935. Currently, the location of this gun is a mystery, but in collector’s circles it is believed to still exist. What’s its value? One can only guess.
Among the rare features that can significantly increase the value of a .357 Magnum model is a nickel finish. It is believed that no more than 150 to 175 nickel guns were made. Some value estimates say these guns are worth double what blued models would bring. Special grips can also make a big difference. Less than 50 .357 Magnum revolvers are believed to have been shipped with factory ivory, pearl or stag grips. Factory engraved models are very rare; less than a dozen were made.
Keep in mind that before buying or selling any of the models mentioned here it is very important to obtain a letter of authentication detailing the features of the gun in question and when and to whom it was shipped. For more information, contact Smith-WessonForum.com, where you can download a form to use for the letter. Cost for this service currently is $75, which is money well spent.
The serial number range for the pre-war .357 Magnum revolvers started at 45756 and ended with 62489 in 1941 when the U.S. entered World War II. This range of numbers also includes those for other N-frame models. After the war, production resumed in 1946 with an “S” prefix added to the serial number at S71801. These early transitional post-war models of the .357 Magnum are quite collectible, especially those with longer barrel lengths.
Smith & Wesson made a few changes to the .357 Magnum in 1950, including the new short-throw hammer design. In 1957, the company went to a numbering system for each handgun, and the .357 Magnum became the Model 27. The name had changed, but it was still a beautiful example of the gunmaker’s art. When I was a young lad, I remember a photograph of a Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum with a 3½-inch barrel in my early ’50s edition of Shooter’s Bible. I would frequently pick up the book and turn to the S&W section to look at the photo again and again. That was a gun!
Editor’s Note: This “Collector’s Corner” column is an excerpt from the June 2017 issue of Gun Digest the Magazine.
One look inside the 72nd edition of Gun Digest and you’ll understand why it’s called “The World’s Greatest Gun Book.” Gun Digest 2018 is jammed full of the comprehensive, enlightening and eye-catching information that firearms fanatics crave. No matter if your passion is long-range rifles, fancy shotguns, gritty Old West single-action revolvers, sleek semi-auto pistols or cutting-edge tactical rifles, Gun Digest brings them all to life and raises your firearms IQ. Get Your Copy Now
In my humble opinion, the 3-1/2″ Model 27 is the definition of “bad ass” in the revolver world! Carried one as a duty gun back in the 70’s and I sure wish I still had it!
.357 Magnum | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Handgun / Carbine | |||||||||||
Place of origin | United States | |||||||||||
Production history | ||||||||||||
Designer | Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe | |||||||||||
Designed | 1934 Introduced 1935 | |||||||||||
Specifications | ||||||||||||
Parent case | .38 Special | |||||||||||
Case type | Rimmed (R), straight | |||||||||||
Bullet diameter | .357 in (9.1 mm) | |||||||||||
Neck diameter | .379 in (9.6 mm) | |||||||||||
Base diameter | .379 in (9.6 mm) | |||||||||||
Rim diameter | .440 in (11.2 mm) | |||||||||||
Rim thickness | .060 in (1.5 mm) | |||||||||||
Case length | 1.29 in (33 mm) | |||||||||||
Overall length | 1.59 in (40 mm) | |||||||||||
Case capacity | 26.2 gr H2O (1.70 cm3) | |||||||||||
Primer type | Small Pistol Magnum | |||||||||||
Maximum pressure ) | 35,000 psi (241 MPa)[1][2] | |||||||||||
Ballistic performance | ||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
Test barrel length: 4 in (102 mm) (vented) Source(s): Federal,[3] |
The .357 S&W Magnum (9×33mmR), or simply .357 Magnum, is a revolvercartridge with a .357-inch (9.07 mm) bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe,[4] and D. B. Wesson[4] of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester.[5][6]
It is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the 'Magnum era' of handgun ammunition.[7]
The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics when used for hunting or defense.
Design[edit]
Marlin Model 1894C – a carbine in .357 Magnum that is a companion to revolvers
Two .357 Magnum cartridges showing bottom and side views.
History Of The 357 Magnum
The .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a direct response to Colt's .38 Super Automatic. At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the post-World War I 'Gangster Era.'[5][citation needed] Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun bullet traveling less than about 1,000 feet per second (300 m/s). Colt's .38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover.[8]
Though .38 and .357 would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical, as 0.357 inches (9.07 mm) is the bullet diameter of the .38 Special cartridge. The .38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets (such as the .38 Short Colt and .38 Long Colt), which were the same diameter as the case. The only external dimensional difference between .38 Special and .357 magnum is the difference in case length; this was done to prevent accidentally loading a .357 magnum cartridge in to a .38 Special revolver that isn't designed for the .357 magnum's higher chamber pressure. Case volume was not a factor in the increase in case length as the .38 Special cartridge was originally a black powder cartridge, and the .357 magnum was developed using only much denser smokeless powder.
Much credit for the .357's early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith. Keith's early work in loading the .38 Special to increasingly higher-pressure levels was made possible by the availability of heavy, target-shooting-oriented revolvers like the Smith & Wesson .38-44 'Heavy Duty' and 'Outdoorsman', .38-caliber revolvers built on .44-caliber frames. The .38-44 HV load used the .38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard .38-Special ammunition. The .38-44 revolvers were made by using a .44 Special size gun with the barrel bored to accept .357-caliber bullets (the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special) and the cylinder bored to accept .3801–.3809-inch-diameter (9.65–9.67 mm) cartridges (where the name “38 Special” originated). Since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard .38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The .38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later .357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard .38 Special. The .357 Magnum addresses the safety issues which earlier cartridges had by lengthening the cartridge by approximately 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm), preventing the high-pressure .357 cartridge from chambering (fitting) in a firearm designed for the shorter, lower-pressure .38 Special.[9] Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge case, while leaving more room inside the case for powder. The Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this bullet design does not deform like a hollow point, and as a result achieves greater penetration. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it very suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting.
In order to reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the .357 Magnum, with D. B. Wesson leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the technical division staff of the National Rifle Association. The new round was developed from Smith & Wesson's existing .38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm). The case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity. Because the .38 Special and the early experimental .357 Magnum cartridges loaded by Keith were identical in physical attributes, it was possible to load an experimental .357 Magnum cartridge into a .38 Special revolver, with potentially disastrous results. Smith & Wesson's solution, of extending the case slightly, made it impossible to chamber the magnum-power round in a gun not designed for the additional pressure.[5] However, although both .38 Special and .357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in .38 Long Colt, due to the straight-walled chambers, this creates dangerous pressure levels, up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.
The choice of bullet for the .357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. During the development at Smith & Wesson, the original Keith bullet was modified slightly, to the form of the Sharpe bullet, which itself was based upon the Keith bullet, but which had 5/6 of the bearing surface of the Keith bullet, Keith bullets typically being made oversized and sized down. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the cartridge development, modified the Sharpe-bullet shape slightly, while keeping the Sharpe contour of the bullet. The final choice of bullet was hence based upon the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, while additionally having slight differences from both.[10]
Cartridge dimensions[edit]
The .357 Magnum has 1.66 milliliter (25.6 grainH
2O) cartridge case capacity.
2O) cartridge case capacity.
.357 Magnum maximum C.I.P. Black one x wing. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).[11]
The cartridge headspaces on the rim of the case. The common riflingtwist rate for this cartridge is 476 mm (1 in 18.74 in), six grooves, ø lands = 8.79 mm, ø grooves = 9.02 mm, land width = 2.69 mm and the primer type is small pistol magnum.[11]
According to the C.I.P. rulings, the .357 Magnum cartridge case can handle up to 300.00 MPa (43,511 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .357 Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2018) proof tested at 390.00 MPa (56,565 psi) PE piezo pressure.[11]
Performance[edit]
Introduced in 1935, the Smith & Wesson Model 27 was the first revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge.
The .357 IMI Desert Eagle, one of the few semi-automatic pistols that fire the .357 Magnum cartridge.
This cartridge is regarded by many as an excellent hunting, metallic silhouette and self-defense round. With proper loadings it can also be effective against large or dangerous game, such as bear and ungulates, however many consider the larger and more powerful magnumcartridges to be more appropriate such as the .500 S&W Magnum, 460 S&W Magnum, .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .454 Casull, .41 Magnum as well as other larger magnum rounds. Comparatively, the .357 Magnum has less energy than the larger magnum revolver loadings but is smaller in diameter with high velocity allowing for excellent penetration properties. It is a fine small- and medium-game round and is sufficient to hunt deer at reasonable ranges if suitable loadings are used by a competent marksman. For further comparison, the .357 Magnum has a higher velocity at 100 yards (91 m) than its parent .38 Special has at the muzzle.[12] The 357 Magnum's effectiveness on game is similar to that of the .45 Colt, but with a much flatter trajectory due to its higher velocity. It is a very versatile cartridge, and can be used with success for self-defence, plinking, hunting, or target shooting.[13]
The original 357 load was a 158 grain bullet with an advertised muzzle velocity of 1510 fps. (Muzzle velocity was taken using a revolver with a fairly long barrel.) Most of today's loads are fairly mild when compared to the original load.
Revolvers chambered in .357 Magnum have the significant advantage of also being able to chamber and fire the shorter and less-powerful .38 Special cartridge. Compared to the .357 Magnum, .38 Special is also lower in cost, recoil, noise, and muzzle flash. The ability to also fire the .38 Special makes .357 revolvers ideal for novice shooters who are not yet used to firing full-strength .357 loads but do not want the expense of buying a second lower-powered gun to train with. However, .38 Special ammunition should not generally be used with any .357 semiautomatic handgun or rifle, since such firearms require the larger recoil produced by firing a .357 Magnum round to cycle properly.
It has also become popular as a 'dual-use' cartridge in short, light rifles like the American Old Westlever-actions. In a rifle, the bullet will exit the barrel at about 1,800 feet per second (550 m/s),[14] making it far more versatile than the .30 Carbine or the .32-20 Winchester. In the 1930s, it was found to be very effective against steel car doors and ballistic vests, and metal-penetrating rounds were once popular in the United States among highway patrol and other police organizations. The .357 revolver has been largely replaced by modern, high-capacity semi-automatic pistols for police use, but it is still very popular for backup gun use and among outdoorsmen, security guards, and civilians for hunting, metallic silhouette, target shooting and self-defense. The 9mm Winchester Magnum, which is also known as the 9×29mm, was developed to duplicate the performance of the .357 Magnum in a semi-automatic pistol,[15] as was the 357 SIG cartridge.
Some common performance parameters are shown in the table below for several .357 Magnum loads. Bullet weights ranging from 110 to 180 grains (7.1 to 11.7 g) are common. The 125 grains (8.1 g) jacketed hollow point loads are popular for self-defence, whereas the heavier loads are commonly used for hunting.[citation needed] Loads are available with energies from about 400-700 foot pounds of muzzle energy and can be selected for various applications based on desired use and risk assessments.
Manufacturer | Load | Mass | Velocity | Energy | Expansion | Penetration | PC[16] | TSC[16] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American | Quik-Shok JHP | 125 gr (8.1 g) | 1,409 ft/s (429.5 m/s) | 551 ft⋅lbf (747.1 J) | fragment | 9.0 in (228.6 mm) | 2.7 cu in (44.2 cm3) | 47.5 cu in (778.4 cm3) |
ATOMIC Ammunition | Bonded match hollow point | 158 gr (10.2 g) | 1,350 ft/s (411.5 m/s) | 640 ft⋅lbf (867.7 J) | 0.71 in (18.0 mm) | 15 in (381.0 mm) | X | X |
Double Tap | Gold Dot JHP | 125 gr (8.1 g) | 1,600 ft/s (487.7 m/s) | 711 ft⋅lbf (964.0 J) | 0.69 in (17.5 mm) | 12.75 in (323.8 mm) | 4.8 cu in (78.7 cm3) | 69.3 cu in (1,135.6 cm3) (est) |
Federal | Classic JHP | 125 gr (8.1 g) | 1,450 ft/s (442.0 m/s) | 584 ft⋅lbf (791.8 J) | 0.65 in (16.5 mm) | 12.0 in (304.8 mm) | 4.0 cu in (65.5 cm3) | 79.8 cu in (1,307.7 cm3) |
Remington | Golden Saber JHP | 125 gr (8.1 g) | 1,220 ft/s (371.9 m/s) | 413 ft⋅lbf (560.0 J) | 0.60 in (15.2 mm) | 13.0 in (330.2 mm) | 3.7 cu in (60.6 cm3) | 30.4 cu in (498.2 cm3) |
Remington | Semiwadcutter | 158 gr (10.2 g) | 1,235 ft/s (376.4 m/s) | 535 ft⋅lbf (725.4 J) | 0.36 in (9.1 mm) | 27.5 in (698.5 mm) | 2.8 cu in (45.9 cm3) | 12.9 cu in (211.4 cm3) |
Winchester | Silvertip JHP | 145 gr (9.4 g) | 1,290 ft/s (393.2 m/s) | 536 ft⋅lbf (726.7 J) | 0.65 in (16.5 mm) | 14.3 in (363.2 mm) | 4.7 cu in (77.0 cm3) | 33.7 cu in (552.2 cm3) |
Key:Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin) Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin)PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method) TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin)
Comparison[edit]
Colt Pythons in 8' and 6' barrels
1956 Colt .357 Magnum
Reloading The 357 Magnum
The .357 Magnum was a direct competitor with the .38 Super.
Pictures Of A 357 Magnum Gun
In terms of accuracy, the .357 Magnum has at least the same potential for precision shooting as the benchmark .38 Special wadcutter round—indeed, a good .357 Magnum revolver will shoot .38 Special wadcutter ammunition with good results. It is this accuracy and power, and the versatility of also being capable of using less-expensive, milder .38 Special ammunition, that makes a .357 Magnum revolver an excellent gun for many different disciplines, from 20 yards' (18 m) precision shooting to long-range falling-plate events. It is an excellent round for those considering handloading ammunition, as it is economical and consistently performs well.
The .357 Magnum was developed from the earlier .38 Special. This was possible because the .38 Special was originally designed to use black powder, which requires two to five times as much powder by volume to produce the same velocity with the same bullet as does the much-more-efficient smokeless powder. Thus the .38 Special has a relatively large bullet case. The 9×19mm Parabellum was introduced the same year (1902) but was originally designed for smokeless powder, and for higher pressures (~39,200 psi (270 MPa)).[citation needed] It therefore produces considerably more energy than the .38, despite its case having less than half the powder capacity. Many .38 Special loads use the same powders, in similar charge weights, but because the case is so much larger, light-target loads with fast-burning powders may only fill the case perhaps 1/8 full. Filling the case with slower-burning powders produces much more power, but also much more pressure; far too much pressure for older, smaller-frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special. It was to accommodate these high-pressure, high-power loads that the longer .357 Magnum, together with the stronger revolvers designed to handle it, were developed.
The .357 SIG that was developed in 1994 was named '357' to highlight its purpose: to duplicate the performance of 125-grain (8.1 g) .357 Magnum loads fired from 4-inch-barreled (100 mm) revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol. Devil may cry 5 wiki.
Synonyms[edit]
- .357 Mag
- .357 S&W Magnum
- 9×33mmR (Europe)
See also[edit]
- Smith & Wesson Model 27, the first revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum
- Smith & Wesson .38/44 Outdoorsman, the immediate predecessor to the .357 Magnum, firing high-pressure .38 Special rounds
References[edit]
Notes
- ^Handloads.com SAAMI pressure specsArchived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Leverguns.com SAAMI pressuresArchived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^'Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page'Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. federalcartridge.com.
- ^ abSharpe, Phillip B. (1937). Complete Guide to Handloading. Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 405–406.
- ^ abcDick Metcalf (February 2000). 'The 20th Century's Top Handgun Cartridges'. Shooting Times.
- ^Barnes, Frank C. (2006) [1965]. Skinner, Stan (ed.). Cartridges of the World (11th ed.). Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 299. ISBN0-89689-297-2.
- ^Hawks, Chuck. 'The .357 Magnum'. Reloading Information. Guns and Shooting Online.
- ^Ayoob, Massad (March 2001). '.38 Super'. Guns Magazine. Archived from the original on 2004-09-09. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^Taylor, Chuck (May 2000). '.38-44 HV: The Original Magnum - revolver round'. Guns Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27.
- ^Sharpe, Phillip B. (1937). Complete Guide to Handloading. Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 293–294.
- ^ abc'CIP TDCC sheet .357 Magnum'(PDF). C.I.P.
- ^Taylor, Jim. 'The Three-Fifty-Seven Magnum's in My Life'. Leverguns.com.
- ^'The Versatile .357 Magnum' by Chuck Hawks (subscription required)
- ^Ballistics By The Inch .357 magnum results
- ^Taffin, John. 'Taffin Tests 9mm Magnum'. sixgun.com. John Taffin. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ abMarshall and Sanow, Street Stoppers, Appendix A, Paladin 2006 ISBN0-87364-872-2
External links[edit]
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